By Sola Adebawo
Some reforms do not fail because they are economically unsound. They fail because they arrive faster than society can carry them.
In policy circles, adjustment is often described as necessary correction. But outside those circles, what citizens experience is something far less elegant: transport shocks, food anxiety, household contraction, business instability, and a growing sense that sacrifice has been demanded without protection being designed.
That is the danger when economic correction becomes social exposure.
Nigeria’s recent reform cycle has laid this tension bare. Since 2023, the federal government has undertaken one of the most consequential macroeconomic resets in the country’s democratic era: the removal of petrol subsidies, foreign exchange liberalisation, electricity tariff restructuring, and broader efforts to restore fiscal credibility. From a technocratic standpoint, much of this was overdue. A state cannot indefinitely subsidise inefficiency, defend distortionary exchange regimes, and finance fiscal indiscipline without eventually colliding with reality.
That collision came.
By 2025, the IMF acknowledged that Nigeria’s reforms had helped improve macroeconomic stability, strengthen investor confidence, and support growth recovery to 3.4 per cent in 2024. It also pointed to the removal of fuel subsidies, an end to deficit monetisation, and improvements in the foreign exchange market as evidence of progress.
Those gains matter.
But there is a reason reform remains politically fragile even when economists applaud it:
macroeconomic repair is not the same thing as social absorbability.
To be clear, delay was not costless either. The old policy order was already imposing its own form of hidden pain through fiscal leakage, inflationary distortion, suppressed market signals, and a state structure increasingly financing illusion rather than sustainability. The question, therefore, is not whether reform was necessary. It is whether reform was sufficiently sequenced to remain socially legitimate.
That is precisely the Nigerian dilemma.
A nation can endure pain more easily than it can endure unexplained pain. Citizens can tolerate hardship if they believe three things are true: that the pain is necessary, that it is fairly distributed, and that the state has made visible arrangements to protect the vulnerable while the transition unfolds. Once any of those conditions weakens, reform begins to lose legitimacy, even where it retains technical merit.
Take the petrol subsidy removal. In principle, it addressed a long-standing fiscal distortion that had become economically irrational and politically corrosive. But once removed, its effects were transmitted through society almost immediately. Transport costs surged. Food logistics became more expensive. Small businesses came under pressure. Households already managing on compressed margins found themselves making harsher calculations, faster.
In August 2024, a joint food security assessment cited by Reuters found that 31.8 million Nigerians were facing acute food shortages, driven by insecurity, inflation, and the broader cost shock intensified by subsidy removal.
That is not merely an economic statistic.
It is a measure of national strain.
The same applies to exchange-rate reform. Few serious analysts would argue that Nigeria’s previous FX architecture was sustainable. Multiple exchange windows and suppressed pricing had become a drag on investment and transparency. Yet while liberalisation may have been economically necessary, its social pass-through was severe. A weaker naira meant more expensive imports, higher input costs, greater pressure on firms, and sharper inflation at precisely the point where household resilience was already thinning.
This is where many reform conversations in Abuja become disconnected from life beyond Abuja.
Economic adjustment is too often discussed as though it occurs in policy space. It does not. It occurs in lived space.
It occurs in the market where food prices no longer obey memory. It occurs at school fee counters where parents are forced into quiet humiliation. It occurs in pharmacies where basic medication begins to feel aspirational. It occurs in the mental arithmetic of families deciding what to postpone, what to reduce, and what to simply go without.
That is why reform cannot be judged only by what it corrects in macroeconomic indicators. It must also be judged by what it destabilises while the correction is underway.
And this is where the state’s greatest weakness has not been courage, but sequencing.
Because reform is not only about what government removes. It is also about what government builds before, during, and immediately after the removal.
If subsidy must go, social cushioning must not arrive as a press statement. If exchange-rate reform is unavoidable, protection for the most exposed sectors cannot remain abstract. If inflationary adjustment is expected, then transport relief, food system support, and targeted household protection must be designed not as palliative politics, but as core reform architecture.
In Nigeria, that architecture has remained too thin, too slow, or too invisible.
The federal government announced interventions, including cash transfer plans intended to support 12 million vulnerable households. But in reform politics, announcement is not impact. A safety net that exists administratively but is not felt socially does not perform the stabilising role it was meant to serve.
This is why the politics of reform matters as much as the economics of reform.
Because citizens are not merely measuring whether government is “doing the right thing.” They are measuring whether government understands what the right thing is costing them.
And here, perception matters almost as much as policy.
If the public is asked to absorb inflation, mobility shocks, and reduced consumption while political elites appear insulated from sacrifice, then reform quickly acquires a moral imbalance. Economic correction without visible elite restraint creates a legitimacy problem. People will endure hardship more patiently when they believe the burden is being shared. They become resentful when they suspect it is being outsourced downward.
That is the point at which reform ceases to feel like national correction and begins to feel like structured abandonment.
The deeper lesson is this: reform is not merely an economic exercise. It is a test of statecraft.
It tests whether a government can combine discipline with empathy, realism with sequencing, and correction with legitimacy. It tests whether leaders understand that in unequal societies, the speed of policy cannot be detached from the carrying capacity of the people expected to absorb it.
In the end, the most successful reforms are not always the fastest. They are the ones that society can survive without losing trust in the state carrying them out.
Because no reform is truly successful if it stabilises the economy while quietly destabilising the society underneath it.
A government may survive the economics of reform. But if it mishandles the sociology of reform, it may still lose the country in the process.
Sola Adebawo is an institutional strategy and public affairs leader with deep experience at the intersection of energy, governance, policy, and strategic communication. His writing explores reform, political economy, leadership, culture, and the relationship between institutions and public life. He is an author, scholar, and ordained minister.
